Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering

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TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite with molar ratio 1:1 was synthesized by a free calcination sol-gel method using titanium tetra chloride and tetraethylorthosilicate as raw materials. In the composite, TiO2 nanocrystals are highly dispersed in the amorphous SiO2 matrix and the mater showed size quantization effect arising from the presence of extremely small titanium oxide species having a low coordination number. Thermal phase transformation studies of the as-prepared composite were carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) analyses. The studies showed existence of anatase phase in all the tested temperatures. When temperature exceeds 400°C, brookite phase was formed beside anatase phase. At 950°C amorphous silica matrix was transformed to crystobalite and brookite phase disappeared. Finally, small peaks of rutile phase were detectable at 1100°C.

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Yellow-colored nitrogen doped TiO2 photocatalyst and a pure TiO2 powder were synthesized via sol-gel method using TiCl4 and urea as raw materials. However, the synthesis procedure for nitrogen doped TiO2 was catalyzed by acid that dialed with controlled precipitation and slow nucleation. According to XRD analysis, the nitrogen doped TiO2 consisted of anatase phase of titania which was a significant achievement regarding its possible photocatalytic applications. The band gaps of nitrogen doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 were estimated from UV-Vis spectroscopy data to be 2.8 and 3.3 ev, respectively. Photocatalytic properties of the nitrogen doped TiO2 nanocatalyst and pure TiO2 were compared for degradation of crystal violet dye in visible light irradiation. In comparison to pure TiO2, nitrogen doped TiO2 showed superior photocatalytic efficiency towards the dye.

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Abstract:Nanostructured titania was synthesized by colloidal and polymeric sol-gel routes. Stable colloidal and polymeric titania sols were prepared by adjusting the proper values of the acid/alkoxide and the water/alkoxide molar ratios. The properties of sols were determined by dynamic light scattering technique and synthesized titania was characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed particle size distribution of colloidal sol 10-50 nm compared to polymeric one which was 0.5-2 nm. Phase analysis of the colloidal sample revealed anatase as the major phase up to 550 °C, while the polymeric route resulted only anatase phase up to 750 °C. On the basis of results, titania prepared by the polymeric route showed better thermal stability against phase transformation than the sample prepared by the colloidal route. Also, microstructural studies showed that titania nanopowder can be produced by both sol-gel routes

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Abstract:In the present research, SiO2–TiO2 nanostructure films were successfully prepared on windshields using the sol–gel technique for photocatalytic applications. To prevent the thermal diffusion of the sodium ions from the glass to TiO2 films, the SiO2 layer was pre-coated on the glass by the sol–gel method. The substrates were dipped in the sol and withdrawn with the speed of 6cm/min-1 to make a gel coating film. The coated films were dried for 2 days at 27 °C to allow slow solvent evaporation and condensation reactions due to rapid sol–gel reaction of Titania precursor. Then, the films were annealed at 100 °C for 30min and at the final temperature (500, 700 °C) for 30 min continuously. The structure and surface morphology properties, which are as a function of annealing temperature, have been studied by SEM FE-SEM and XRD. The FE-SEM surface morphology results indicate that the particle size increases from 19 to 42 nm by increasing the annealing temperature from 500 °C to 700 °C. Likewise, XRD illustrate the crystal anatase and rutile as main phases for TiO2-SiO2 films annealed at 500 °C and 700 °C respectively. This procedure resulted in transparent, crack-free SiO2–TiO2 films.

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Abstract:In recent years, there have been many attempts to improve the properties of dental amalgam. The aim of the present investigation was fabrication and characterization of dental amalgams containing TiO2 nanoparticles and evaluation of their compressive strength, antibacterial and corrosion behavior. In this experimental research, TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were added to reference amalgam alloy powder and then, dental amalgam was prepared. In order to investigate the effect of TiO2 NPs on properties of dental amalgam, 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 wt. % of TiO2 NPs were added to amalgam alloy powder and the prepared composite powder was triturated by a given percent of mercury. Xray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were used to characterize the prepared specimens. Potentiodynamic polarization corrosion tests were performed in the Normal Saline (0.9 wt. % NaCl) Solutions as electrolytes at 37°C. The results showed that the corrosion behavior of the dental amalgam with 0.5 or 1 wt. % TiO2 NPs is similar to the corrosion behavior of the reference amalgam, while with increasing the weight percent of TiO2 NPs, the corrosion rate increases. Also, the results of this investigation indicated that adding TiO2 NPs in amounts of up to 1 wt. % to amalgam alloy powder improve compressive strength of dental amalgam and has no destructive influence on its corrosion behavior. As well as, according to antibacterial results, TiO2 NPs can increase the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of dental amalgam. The results of present study suggest that amalgam/ TiO2 NPs nanocomposite with 1% of TiO2 NPs could be regarded as a biocompatible and bioactive dental material that provide better characters for dental applications.

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A homogenous TiO₂ / multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) composite film were prepared by electrophoretic co-deposition from organic suspension on a stainless steel substrate.  In this study, MWCNTs was incorporated to the coating because of their long structure and their capability to be functionalized by different inorganic groups on the surface. FTIR spectroscopy showed the existence of carboxylic groups on the modified carbon nanotubes surface. The effect of applied electrical fields, deposition time and concentration of nanoparticulates on coatings morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that combination of MWCNTs within TiO₂ matrix eliminating micro cracks presented on TiO₂ coating. Also, by increasing the deposition voltages, micro cracks were increased. SEM observation of the coatings revealed that TiO₂/multi-walled carbon nanotubes coatings produced from optimized electric field was uniform and had good adhesive to the substrate.

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In the research, Titanium dioxide/Graphene Oxide thin films at different concentration of graphene oxide (0.0, 0.015, 0.030, 0.045 and 4.5 g/ml) were prepared by spin coating method. Characterization of the samples was performed using X-ray diffraction and Field Emission Scannig Eelectron Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope. X-ray diffraction results show that by adding the graphene oxide, the peak associated with (001) reflection is observed at the angle of 10.5°. The analysis of Eenergy Dispersive X-ray also confirms the formation of graphene oxide sheets. Considering the excellent photo catalytic and antibacterial properties of titanium dioxide, the effect of adding the different concentration of graphene oxide on these properties has been investigated. The results show that the presence of graphene oxide increases the inhibition of Escherichia coli bacterial growth.
 

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In this research, the nanostructured titania-coated silica microsphere (NTCSM) membrane consisting of titania-silica core-shell particles on α–alumina substrate was prepared by dip-coating method. The silica microspheres were synthesized by the Stöber method, and the nanostructured titania shell was obtained from a polymeric sol. Then, the prepared core-shell particles were deposited on alumina substrates. The samples were characterized by DLS, TG-DTA, XRD, FTIR and SEM. The photo-catalytic activity of the NTCSM membranes was evaluated using photo-degradation of methyl orange solution by UV–visible spectrophotometer. Also, physical separation capability was investigated by filtration experiment based on methyl orange removal from aqueous solution using a membrane setup. The mean particle size distribution of silica microspheres was determined to be about 650 nm that by deposition of titania nano-particles increased up to about 800 nm. After 60 min UV-irradiation, the dye removal efficiency was determined to be 80% by the membrane. By coupling separation process with photo-catalytic technique, the removal efficiency was improved up to 97%. Thus, the NTCSM membranes showed simultaneous photo-degradation and separation capabilities for dye removal from water.
 

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The graphene oxide -TiO₂ (GO-TiO₂) and pre-reduced graphene oxide -TiO₂ (rGO-TiO₂) nanocomposites were fabricated successfully by hydrothermal method. The microstructure of synthesized nanocomposites was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Moreover, galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in three electrode system were applied to evaluate electrochemical properties. The results revealed that nanoparticles distributed more uniformly on graphene sheets, at lower concentrations of TiO₂. The rGO-TiO₂ and GO-TiO₂ nanocomposites showed 224 and 32 F/g specific capacitance at 5 mV s^-1 scan rate in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, respectively. The pre-reduction of graphene oxide is the main reason for the better electrochemical performance of rGO-TiO₂ nanocomposite compared to GO-TiO₂ nanocomposite.

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     Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanostructures thin films were prepared onto glass substrates by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The ZnO was structured as nanorods (NRs) while TiO₂ was formed as nanoflowers plate as confirmed by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images. The ZnO/Fe₃O₄ and TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ nanostructures thin films were prepared via drop-casting Fe₃O₄ NPs onto the grown ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures thin films. The diameter of Fe₃O₄ NPs was deposited onto ZnO NRs thin films and TiO₂ nanostructures thin films was ranged from 8nm to 59nm with dominated range between 10nm to 30 nm.  The crystalline structure of prepared samples was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. However, the particles size of Fe₃O₄  was estimated  by XRD as well as FESEM images was around 22 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared ZnO/Fe₃O₄ and TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ nanostructures thin films was investigated against methylene blue (MB) dye at room temperature with a pH value of 10 under different exposure time by visible light. The photodegradation rate of MB dye by ZnO/Fe₃O₄ and TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ nanostructures thin films was higher than that obtained by ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures thin films. The best photodegradation rate of MB dye was 100% after exposure time of 180 min was obtained by ZnO/Fe₃O₄ nanostructures thin film whereas it was 82% for TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ nanostructures thin films after exposure time of  240 min.  
 

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In the present research work physical, mechanical and tribological behavior of Aluminum (Al) alloy LM13 reinforced with Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) particulates were fabricated, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. The amount of nano TiO₂ particulates in the composite was added from 0.5% to 2% in 0.5 weight percent (wt %) increments. The Al-LM13-TiO₂ Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) were prepared through the liquid metallurgical method by following the stir casting process. The different types of Al LM13-TiO₂ specimens were prepared for conduction of Physical, Mechanical, and Tribological characteristics by ASTM standards. Microstructural images, hardness, tensile, and wear test results were used to evaluate the effect of TiO₂ addition to Al LM13. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) were used to examine the microstructure and distribution of particulates in the matrix alloy. In the Al LM13 matrix, microstructure analysis indicates a consistent distribution of reinforced nanoparticles. The attributes of the MMCs, including density, hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance, were improved by adding up to 1 wt% TiO₂. Fractured surfaces of tensile test specimens were studied using SEM pictures.  The standard pin-on-disc tribometer device was used to conduct the wear experiments; the tribological characteristics of unreinforced matrix and TiO₂ reinforced composites were investigated. The composites’ wear resistance was increased by adding up to 1 wt% of TiO₂.  The wear height loss of Al LM13-TiO₂ composite increased when the sliding distance and applied load were increased. Overall, the Al LM13 with one wt% of TiO₂ MMCs showed excellent Physical, Mechanical and Tribological characteristics among all the percentages considered in the present study.

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Cordierite ceramics are of interest for various applications due to their properties such as low thermal expansion coefficient and high thermal shock resistance. However, due to the narrow range of sintering temperature, attempts have been made to synthesize it using different additives. In this way, titania and tialite have been added in different amounts to the initial raw material mixture (talc, kaolin, and synthetic alumina). In this research, the initial powders (talc, kaolin, and synthetic alumina) were mixed in a planetary ball mill using different amounts of TiO₂ and tialite. The mixtures were sintered at 1250, 1300, and 1350 °C for 3 h. X-ray diffractometry and fluorescence, thermal analysis, microstructural observation, density, and cold compressive strength (CCS) were used to evaluate the sintered samples. Phase analysis revealed the presence of the cordierite phase along with small amounts of spinel. With increasing sintering temperature and titania addition, the amount of spinel decreased and the amount of cordierite phase increased. The real density increased with increasing titania additive content, but at higher titania contents, microcracks were observed in the SEM micrographs. By adding 15 wt% of tialite to the initial batch, the compressive strength has been increased by 88% compared to the pure cordierite sample.

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Hybrid photocatalysts, comprising both inorganic and organic polymeric components, are the most promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic contaminants. The nanocomposite, Titania-Polyaniline (TiO₂-PANI) was synthesized using the chemical oxidative polymerization method. Various characterization techniques were employed to assess the properties of the catalysts. The ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) analysis revealed that the TiO₂ absorbs only UV light while the TiO₂-PANI nanocomposite absorbs light from both UV and visible regions. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the presence of TiO₂ (anatase) in both TiO₂ nanoparticles and TiO₂-PANI (Titania-Polyaniline)  nanocomposite. The phases of the catalysts were verified through Raman, TEM, and SAED techniques where all results are in good agreement with each other. The average crystallite size of TiO₂ nanoparticle and TiO₂-PANI nanocomposite were 13.87 and 10.76 nm. The thermal stability of the catalysts was assessed by the Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. The order of the thermal stability is TiO₂ > TiO₂-PANI > PANI.  The crystal lattice characteristics were confirmed using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface area measurements were confirmed from the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) study and were employed for the evaluation of the photocatalytic efficiency of both, TiO₂ nanoparticles and TiO₂-PANI nanocomposite catalysts. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) study was employed for elemental detection of the fabricated materials. While Raman spectroscopy was employed for the chemical structure and the phase characteristics of the materials. The standard conditions for the degradation of the CF dye were 8 g/L of catalyst dosage, 20 mg/L of dye concentration, and a pH of 7. The TiO₂-PANI nanocomposite exhibited superior efficiency as compared to pure TiO₂ nanoparticles, achieving almost 100 % degradation in just 40 minutes.